Target audience :- Class 9th CBSE / other relevant board following NCERT
Topics to be covered:
*Introduction
*Difference between plants and animals
*Plant tissues
-Types (2)
+Meristematic tissue
+Permanent tissue
*Animal tissues
-Types(4)
+Epithelial tissue
+Connective tissue
+Muscular tissue
+Nervous tissue
-INTRODUCTION:-
In the last chapter we have discussed about cell . We have learnt
*Cell is the building block of life
*All organisms are made up of cells
*On the basis of number of cells, there are two types of cells
+Unicellular(Amoeba)
+Multicellular(Homo sapiens)
#In Amoeba ,all the life processes ( digestion, respiration, transportation and excretion) are done by single cell.
#In Homo sapiens , division of labour occur.
-In this cells aggregate to form tissue and thus perform specialised function very efficiently.
-For example muscle cells contract and relax to cause movement,
-Nerve cells carry messages and
-Blood flow to transport Oxygen,food, water and waste etcs.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMAL
• Plants are stationary(Do not move).
•Most of the tissues are supportive (provide structural strength)
•Most of the tissues are dead( provide mechanical strength)
• Dead tissues need less maintenance.
• Growth is limited to certain regions.
• some cells divide throughout life Such cells are called meristematic cells and rest are of permanent type.
• structural organisation of Organ and Organ system is less complex.
Now let us figure out animals
•Show locomotion(movement from one place to another) in search of food , mate and shelter.
•Consume more energy
•Most of the tissues are living.
• Uniform growth occur upto certain age limit.
• No demarcation of dividing and non dividing region
• Structural organisation of Organ and Organ systems is more specialised.
They possess different life styles and so different kind of tissue
We will now learn about Plant tissues:-
*PLANT TISSUES
Types (2)
-Meristematic tissue
-Permanent tissue
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
- also known as dividing tissue
-growth of plant occur only in those regions where where these tissue present
-depening upon the region where they are present , it is of 3 types:-
•Apical Meristematic tissue
•Lateral meristematic tissue
•Intercalary meristematic tissue (see fig. 6.2)
New cells formed from meristem are life of meristem itself , but as they grow they differentiate to form components of other tissues.
Differentiation :-the process by which Meristem take up permanent shape ,size and a function.
APICAL MERISTEM:-
Location:-gtowing tip of stems and roots
Function:--increases the lenght of stem and root
INTERCALARY MERISTEM-
Location:- base of leaves or internodes of twigs
LATERAL MERISTEM:-
Increases girth (thickness) of stem and root due lateral meristem(cambium)
CHARACTERISTICS OF MERISTEM:-
• Possess dense cytoplasm,
•Thin cellulose wall,
•Prominent nucleus
• no storage of food so no vacuole
• no food so no disease
IMP:- used in tissue culture as they are diseases free cells.
PERMANENT TISSUE:-
• Meristem differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.
• Types :- 2
- Simple permanent tissue
-Complex permanent tissue
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
Made up of one type of cells.
Types :-3
-Parenchyma
+Aerenchyma
+Chlorenchyma
- collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
PARENCHYMA
Characteristics:-
-Unspecialised cells(donot have special function ) with thin cell wall.
-Living cells
-Loosely arranged (large intercellular space)
-Generally store food.
-Location :- Beneath the epidermis.
*Types :- two types
1.Chlorenchyma
2. Aerenchyma
Chlorenchyma:-
-Paranchyma containing chlorophyll is called chlorenchyma.
-Perform photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma:-
-In aquatic plants , large air cavities are present in parenchyma to help them float.
-such parenchyma is called Aerenchyma.
COLLENCHYMA:-
Location:- found in leaves stalks below epidermis.
Characteristics:-
-living,
- elongate ,
-irregular thickening at the corners And
-very little intercellular space
Functions:-
-Provide flexibility to plants.
-Allow bending in various parts of plants without breaking.
-provide mechanical support.
*SCLERENCHYMA:-
Location:-
-in stem around vascular bundle,
-In the veins of leaves,
-in the hard covering of seeds and nuts.
Characters:-
- cells are dead
-long and narrow
-walls are thicker due to lignin.
-No internal space inside the cell.
Functions:-
-Make the plant hard and stiff.
-provide strength to plant parts.
* EPIDERMIS:-
- outermost layer of cells.
-Usually made up of single layer of cells.
-entire surface of plants has an outer layer of epidermis.
-cells are continuous without intercellular space.
-epidermal cells are flat,
-outer and side walls are thicker than inner walls.
- protects all parts of plants.
Adaptation:-
-in very dry habitat epidermis may be thicker since protection against water loss is critical.
-Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of plants often secretes a waxy , water resistant layer On their outer surface
Functions:-
Aids in protection against lose of water,
Mechanical injury,
Invasion by parasitic fungi.
2.In desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin on its outer surface.
Cutin is a chemical substance with waterproof quality.
Stomata:-
-Small pores here and there on the epidermis of leaf.
-enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells.
Functions:-
-Exchange of gases with atmosphere.
-Transpiration(loss of water from aerial parts of plants)
*Epidermis of roots:-
-bear long hair like parts that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.
Function:-
Water absorption.
Secondary meristem:-
-As plants grow older, outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes
-A strip of secondary meristem, located in the cortex forms layers of cells which constitute the cork.
Characteristics:-
-cells of cork are dead , compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
- have suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.
mi
*Complex permanent tissue:-
- made up of more types of cells.
-All cells coordinate to perform common functions.
Types:- two types
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
-Both are conducting tissue contain vascular bundle
-Vascular russes is a distinct feature of complex plants.
Xylem:-
Consists of
1.Tracheids,
2. Vessels
3.Xylem parenchyma
4.Xylem fibres
Tracheids and vessels
- have thick walls and many are dead cells when mature.
-tubular structure
-transport water and minerals vertically.
Parenchyma stores food.
Xylem fibre are mainly supportive in functions.
Phloem :-
Consist of
1. Sieve cells,
2. Sieve tubes,
3.Companion cells,
4.Phloem fibre,
5. Phloem parenchyma.
- Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
- Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of plants
-phloem fibres are dead
- others are living.
*ANIMAL TISSUES:-
-When we breathe we feel the movement of our chest.
-For this we have muscle cells.
- contraction and relaxation of muscle cells results in movement.
-During breathing we inhale oxygen.
- this oxygen absobed in lungs and is transported to all body cells through blood.
-In mitochondria , oxygen combine with glucose to make Carbon-di-oxide, water and ATP(adinosine triphosphate).
-Blood flows and carries various substances from one part of body to another.(oxygen ,food etc).
-also collect waste from of all parts of body and Carries them to kidney and liver for disposal.
So blood and muscles are the russes in our body.
Four types of animal tissue in detail:-
1.epithelial tissue
2.connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue:-
-Covering and protective tissue in animal body.
-Covers most organs and cavaties within the body.
-Forms a barrier to keep different system separate.
-skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are made up of epithelial tissue.
Characteristics:-
-cells are tightly packed and forms a continuous sheet
-have small amount of cementing material between them .
- no intercellular space.
Functions:-
Anything entering or leaving must cross atleast one layer of epithelium
-so permeability of epithelial play important role in exchanging material between body and external environment , also between different parts of body.
-different epithelial shows different structure and so different functions:-
-For example:-
1. Simple squamous epithelium:-
- cells are extremely thin and flat, forms a delicate lining.
-lining of oesophagus , mouth , blood vessels and lung alveoli.
2.Stratified squamous epithelium :- present in skin.
-prevent wear and tear.
When squamous epithelium are arranged in many layers then it is called stratified squamous epithelial.
3. Columnar epithelial:-
-In the inner lining of intestine, tall epithelial cells are present, called columnar epithelial cells.
-In respiratory tract, columnar cells have cilia, so called ciliated columnar epithelial .
- cilia push the mucus forward to clear the tract.
4. Cuboidal epithelial:-
- forms lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands.
-provide mechanical support.
5. Glandular epithelial:-
- A portion of epithelial tissue fold inward and a multicellular gland is formed , called glandular eplithilial tissue.
*Connective tissue:-
-Tissue which connects the body.
-example:- blood , bone, tendon ligament, adipose, cartilage and areolar.
- Cells are loosely spaced.
-Embedded in intercellular matrix.
- Matrix can be jelly like, fluid , dense or rigid .
- nature of matrix depends upon functions the tissue perform.
1.Blood:- fluid connective issue.
-Matrix is called plasma (fluid) in which RBCs , WBCs and platelets suspended.
- Plasma contains proteins , salts and hormones.
- Blood flows and transport gases, digested food , hormones and waste materials to different parts of body.
2. Bones:-
-strong and non- flexible tissue.
-Forms framework that supports the body.
- anchor the muscles
-support main Organs of the body.
- bone cells are embedded in hard matrix
- matrix compost of hard calcium and phosphorus compounds.
3.Ligament:- join bone to bone.
-elastic , has considerable strength.
- contain very little matrix.
4. Tendon:- join bone to muscle.
-fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexiblity.
5.Cartilage:-
-widely spaced cells .
-Solid matrix composed of protein and sugar
-smoothen bone surface at joints.
-Present in nose , ear, trachea and laryings.
6.Areolar connective tissue:-
- Found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in bone marrow.
-fill space inside Organs,
-support internal organs.
-helps in repair of tissue.
7. Adipose tissue:-
-fat storing tissue.
-found below the skin and between internal organs.
-act as insulator.
*Muscular tissue:-
-Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibre
-responsible for movement in the body.
- Contains special protein called contractile proteins which contract and relax to cause movement.
Types:- three types
1.voluntory/skeletal/striated muscle
2.involulantory/unstriated muscle
3.Cardiac muscle
1.Voluntory /skeletal/Striated muscle:-
-cells are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate.
-can move by our conscious will(voluntary)
-attached to body skeleton (skeletal)
-under microscope , it shows alternate dark and light bands (Striated)
-found in limbs .
2.Involuntary /unstriated muscle:-
-cells are long with pointed ends(spindle shaped) and uninucleate.
- movement of food in alimentary canal or contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are the examples.
-we can't start or stop these movements by our own will.
- found in iris of eye, in uterus and in bronchi of lungs.
- no alternative dark or light band seen under microscope (unstriated).
3.Cardiac muscles:-
- muscles of heart shows rhythemic contraction and relaxation throughout life.
-cells are cylindrical, branched and multinucleate.
*Nervous tissue:-
-made up of nerve cells called neurons.
-One meter long cell.
-Highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
-brain , spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.
-parts of neuron:- three parts
1. Cell body(with nucleus and cytoplasm)
- possess many, short ,branched parts called dendrites.
2. Axon (single long part)
3. Nerve endings.
Many nerve fibres are bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve
- signal passes along nerve fibre is called nerve impulse.
-nerve impulse allow us to move our muscle when we want to.
-Functional combination of nerve and muscle tissue is fundamental to most animals.
-this combination enable animals to move rapidly in response to stimulus.
Thankyou :-)
Topics to be covered:
*Introduction
*Difference between plants and animals
*Plant tissues
-Types (2)
+Meristematic tissue
+Permanent tissue
*Animal tissues
-Types(4)
+Epithelial tissue
+Connective tissue
+Muscular tissue
+Nervous tissue
-INTRODUCTION:-
In the last chapter we have discussed about cell . We have learnt
*Cell is the building block of life
*All organisms are made up of cells
*On the basis of number of cells, there are two types of cells
+Unicellular(Amoeba)
+Multicellular(Homo sapiens)
#In Amoeba ,all the life processes ( digestion, respiration, transportation and excretion) are done by single cell.
#In Homo sapiens , division of labour occur.
-In this cells aggregate to form tissue and thus perform specialised function very efficiently.
-For example muscle cells contract and relax to cause movement,
-Nerve cells carry messages and
-Blood flow to transport Oxygen,food, water and waste etcs.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMAL
• Plants are stationary(Do not move).
•Most of the tissues are supportive (provide structural strength)
•Most of the tissues are dead( provide mechanical strength)
• Dead tissues need less maintenance.
• Growth is limited to certain regions.
• some cells divide throughout life Such cells are called meristematic cells and rest are of permanent type.
• structural organisation of Organ and Organ system is less complex.
Now let us figure out animals
•Show locomotion(movement from one place to another) in search of food , mate and shelter.
•Consume more energy
•Most of the tissues are living.
• Uniform growth occur upto certain age limit.
• No demarcation of dividing and non dividing region
• Structural organisation of Organ and Organ systems is more specialised.
They possess different life styles and so different kind of tissue
We will now learn about Plant tissues:-
*PLANT TISSUES
Types (2)
-Meristematic tissue
-Permanent tissue
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
- also known as dividing tissue
-growth of plant occur only in those regions where where these tissue present
-depening upon the region where they are present , it is of 3 types:-
•Apical Meristematic tissue
•Lateral meristematic tissue
•Intercalary meristematic tissue (see fig. 6.2)
New cells formed from meristem are life of meristem itself , but as they grow they differentiate to form components of other tissues.
Differentiation :-the process by which Meristem take up permanent shape ,size and a function.
APICAL MERISTEM:-
Location:-gtowing tip of stems and roots
Function:--increases the lenght of stem and root
INTERCALARY MERISTEM-
Location:- base of leaves or internodes of twigs
LATERAL MERISTEM:-
Increases girth (thickness) of stem and root due lateral meristem(cambium)
• Possess dense cytoplasm,
•Thin cellulose wall,
•Prominent nucleus
• no storage of food so no vacuole
• no food so no disease
IMP:- used in tissue culture as they are diseases free cells.
PERMANENT TISSUE:-
• Meristem differentiate to form different types of permanent tissue.
• Types :- 2
- Simple permanent tissue
-Complex permanent tissue
SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
Made up of one type of cells.
Types :-3
-Parenchyma
+Aerenchyma
+Chlorenchyma
- collenchyma
-Sclerenchyma
PARENCHYMA
Characteristics:-
-Unspecialised cells(donot have special function ) with thin cell wall.
-Living cells
-Loosely arranged (large intercellular space)
-Generally store food.
-Location :- Beneath the epidermis.
*Types :- two types
1.Chlorenchyma
2. Aerenchyma
Chlorenchyma:-
-Paranchyma containing chlorophyll is called chlorenchyma.
-Perform photosynthesis.
Aerenchyma:-
-In aquatic plants , large air cavities are present in parenchyma to help them float.
-such parenchyma is called Aerenchyma.
COLLENCHYMA:-
Location:- found in leaves stalks below epidermis.
Characteristics:-
-living,
- elongate ,
-irregular thickening at the corners And
-very little intercellular space
Functions:-
-Provide flexibility to plants.
-Allow bending in various parts of plants without breaking.
-provide mechanical support.
*SCLERENCHYMA:-
Location:-
-in stem around vascular bundle,
-In the veins of leaves,
-in the hard covering of seeds and nuts.
Characters:-
- cells are dead
-long and narrow
-walls are thicker due to lignin.
-No internal space inside the cell.
Functions:-
-Make the plant hard and stiff.
-provide strength to plant parts.
* EPIDERMIS:-
- outermost layer of cells.
-Usually made up of single layer of cells.
-entire surface of plants has an outer layer of epidermis.
-cells are continuous without intercellular space.
-epidermal cells are flat,
-outer and side walls are thicker than inner walls.
- protects all parts of plants.
Adaptation:-
-in very dry habitat epidermis may be thicker since protection against water loss is critical.
-Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of plants often secretes a waxy , water resistant layer On their outer surface
Functions:-
Aids in protection against lose of water,
Mechanical injury,
Invasion by parasitic fungi.
2.In desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin on its outer surface.
Cutin is a chemical substance with waterproof quality.
Stomata:-
-Small pores here and there on the epidermis of leaf.
-enclosed by two kidney shaped cells called guard cells.
Functions:-
-Exchange of gases with atmosphere.
-Transpiration(loss of water from aerial parts of plants)
*Epidermis of roots:-
-bear long hair like parts that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.
Function:-
Water absorption.
Secondary meristem:-
-As plants grow older, outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes
-A strip of secondary meristem, located in the cortex forms layers of cells which constitute the cork.
Characteristics:-
-cells of cork are dead , compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
- have suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.
mi*Complex permanent tissue:-
- made up of more types of cells.
-All cells coordinate to perform common functions.
Types:- two types
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
-Both are conducting tissue contain vascular bundle
-Vascular russes is a distinct feature of complex plants.
Xylem:-
Consists of
1.Tracheids,
2. Vessels
3.Xylem parenchyma
4.Xylem fibres
Tracheids and vessels
- have thick walls and many are dead cells when mature.
-tubular structure
-transport water and minerals vertically.
Parenchyma stores food.
Xylem fibre are mainly supportive in functions.
Phloem :-
Consist of
1. Sieve cells,
2. Sieve tubes,
3.Companion cells,
4.Phloem fibre,
5. Phloem parenchyma.
- Sieve tubes are tubular cells with perforated walls.
- Phloem transports food from leaves to other parts of plants
-phloem fibres are dead
- others are living.
*ANIMAL TISSUES:-
-When we breathe we feel the movement of our chest.
-For this we have muscle cells.
- contraction and relaxation of muscle cells results in movement.
-During breathing we inhale oxygen.
- this oxygen absobed in lungs and is transported to all body cells through blood.
-In mitochondria , oxygen combine with glucose to make Carbon-di-oxide, water and ATP(adinosine triphosphate).
-Blood flows and carries various substances from one part of body to another.(oxygen ,food etc).
-also collect waste from of all parts of body and Carries them to kidney and liver for disposal.
So blood and muscles are the russes in our body.
Four types of animal tissue in detail:-
1.epithelial tissue
2.connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue:-
-Covering and protective tissue in animal body.
-Covers most organs and cavaties within the body.
-Forms a barrier to keep different system separate.
-skin, lining of mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are made up of epithelial tissue.
Characteristics:-
-cells are tightly packed and forms a continuous sheet
-have small amount of cementing material between them .
- no intercellular space.
Functions:-
Anything entering or leaving must cross atleast one layer of epithelium
-so permeability of epithelial play important role in exchanging material between body and external environment , also between different parts of body.
-different epithelial shows different structure and so different functions:-
-For example:-
1. Simple squamous epithelium:-
- cells are extremely thin and flat, forms a delicate lining.
-lining of oesophagus , mouth , blood vessels and lung alveoli.
2.Stratified squamous epithelium :- present in skin.
-prevent wear and tear.
When squamous epithelium are arranged in many layers then it is called stratified squamous epithelial.
3. Columnar epithelial:-
-In the inner lining of intestine, tall epithelial cells are present, called columnar epithelial cells.
-In respiratory tract, columnar cells have cilia, so called ciliated columnar epithelial .
- cilia push the mucus forward to clear the tract.
4. Cuboidal epithelial:-
- forms lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands.
-provide mechanical support.
5. Glandular epithelial:-
- A portion of epithelial tissue fold inward and a multicellular gland is formed , called glandular eplithilial tissue.
*Connective tissue:-
-Tissue which connects the body.
-example:- blood , bone, tendon ligament, adipose, cartilage and areolar.
- Cells are loosely spaced.
-Embedded in intercellular matrix.
- Matrix can be jelly like, fluid , dense or rigid .
- nature of matrix depends upon functions the tissue perform.
1.Blood:- fluid connective issue.
-Matrix is called plasma (fluid) in which RBCs , WBCs and platelets suspended.
- Plasma contains proteins , salts and hormones.
- Blood flows and transport gases, digested food , hormones and waste materials to different parts of body.
2. Bones:-
-strong and non- flexible tissue.
-Forms framework that supports the body.
- anchor the muscles
-support main Organs of the body.
- bone cells are embedded in hard matrix
- matrix compost of hard calcium and phosphorus compounds.
3.Ligament:- join bone to bone.
-elastic , has considerable strength.
- contain very little matrix.
4. Tendon:- join bone to muscle.
-fibrous tissue with great strength but limited flexiblity.
5.Cartilage:-
-widely spaced cells .
-Solid matrix composed of protein and sugar
-smoothen bone surface at joints.
-Present in nose , ear, trachea and laryings.
6.Areolar connective tissue:-
- Found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in bone marrow.
-fill space inside Organs,
-support internal organs.
-helps in repair of tissue.
7. Adipose tissue:-
-fat storing tissue.
-found below the skin and between internal organs.
-act as insulator.
*Muscular tissue:-
-Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibre
-responsible for movement in the body.
- Contains special protein called contractile proteins which contract and relax to cause movement.
Types:- three types
1.voluntory/skeletal/striated muscle
2.involulantory/unstriated muscle
3.Cardiac muscle
1.Voluntory /skeletal/Striated muscle:-
-cells are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate.
-can move by our conscious will(voluntary)
-attached to body skeleton (skeletal)
-under microscope , it shows alternate dark and light bands (Striated)
-found in limbs .
2.Involuntary /unstriated muscle:-
-cells are long with pointed ends(spindle shaped) and uninucleate.
- movement of food in alimentary canal or contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are the examples.
-we can't start or stop these movements by our own will.
- found in iris of eye, in uterus and in bronchi of lungs.
- no alternative dark or light band seen under microscope (unstriated).
3.Cardiac muscles:-
- muscles of heart shows rhythemic contraction and relaxation throughout life.
-cells are cylindrical, branched and multinucleate.
*Nervous tissue:-
-made up of nerve cells called neurons.
-One meter long cell.
-Highly specialised for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
-brain , spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.
-parts of neuron:- three parts
1. Cell body(with nucleus and cytoplasm)
- possess many, short ,branched parts called dendrites.
2. Axon (single long part)
3. Nerve endings.
Many nerve fibres are bound together by connective tissue make up a nerve
- signal passes along nerve fibre is called nerve impulse.
-nerve impulse allow us to move our muscle when we want to.
-Functional combination of nerve and muscle tissue is fundamental to most animals.
-this combination enable animals to move rapidly in response to stimulus.
Thankyou :-)
