Chapter 1 "The sentence"
The sentence:-
We use words to express our thoughts and feelings.
These words are arranged in groups . Some of these groups make complete sense.
For example:-
1. Goa has fine beaches.
2. When did you go to Goa?
3. How beautiful the sunset scene was!
A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence.
A Sentence expresses a complete thought.
A sentence begins with a capital pettle and ends with a full stop (.) , a question mark(?) , Or a mark of exclamation (!)
The phrase:-
Some groups of words make sense but not complete sense. For example:-
1. At night
2. In the park
3 .of great importance
4. Joys and sorrows
5. Must have verified
A group of words that makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase.
Every group of words cannot be called a phrase . A phrase must make some sense.
For example:-
has fine ---> not a phrase
Fine beaches ---> a phrase
There must be a verb in a sentence; there may or may not be a verb in a phrase.
Exercise 1. Speak out sentences using the following phrases: (for oral practice)
1. our poor fielding
Ans:-We lost the match because of our poor fielding.
2. across the street
Ans:- The old lady is trying to go across the street.
3. since 2008
Ans:-He is the owner of this land since 2008.
4. to buy some stationery
Ans:- I want to go outside to buy some stationery
5. behind the school building
Ans:- The arrangement of the party was done behind the school building
6. almost impossible
Ans:- This task was almost impossible for everyone.
7. slowly and quietly
Ans:- Our management told us to do the work slowly and quietly.
8. with great love and care
Ans:- She gave us farewell with great love and care
9. should have consulted
Ans:- You should have consulted to father before taking any important decision.
10. over the clouds
Ans:- The birds flew over the clouds.
Exercise 2. Rewrite the following passage using capital letters and putting in full stopswhere necessary:
rabindranath tagore was an indian writer, poet, musician and thinker,
he was born on may 7, 1861 into a renowned family of bengal
he published his first collection of poems at sixteen years of age
he is one of the most influential writers india has ever produced
the national anthems of india as well as bangladesh are composed
by him sri lanka's national anthem is also inspired by his works
in 1913 he became the first non-european to win a nobel prize
in literature he set up an experimental school called shantiniketan
along the lines of traditional gurukuls.Solution:- Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian writer, poet, musician and thinker.
He was born on May into a renowned family of Bengal.
He published his first collection of poems at sixteen years of age.
He is one of the most influential writers India has ever produced.
The national anthems of India as well as Bangladesh are composed
by him. Sri Lanka's national anthem is also inspired by his works.
in 1913 he became the first non-european to win a nobel prize.
In Literature, he set up an experimental school called Shantiniketan
along the lines of traditional gurukuls.Kinds of Sentence:- Sentence are of four kinds.1. Assertive or Declarative :- states something2. Interrogative:- asks a question3. Imperative : express a command, request or advice4. Exclamatory : expresses a strong emotion.Assertive Sentences:- An assertive (or Declarative) Sentence says or states something.Tansen was one of the nine gems in the court of Akbar. He was born in 1506 at Bahat in Gwalior.An assertive sentence can be either affirmative or negative.Tansen was a great classical singer. (Affirmative)As a child, he did not want to learn music. (Negative)Interrogative sentence:- An interrogation sentence asks a questionHow did Tandem become such a great singer?Did he create any new ragas?An interrogative sentence can be a yes or no question or a wh-questiom. A yes or no question can be answered in yes or no .Example:- were you absent yesterday?A wh- question begins with a question word like when, who, why, etc.Example:- why were you absent yesterday?Imperative Sentences:- An Imperative Sentence expresses a command, a request, or an advise.Download some information about Tandem from the internet.(command)Go away. (Command)Tell me something about ragas, please.(request)Please, close the door.(request)Develop some taste for classical music. (Advice).Always remain cool.(Advice)Exclamatory sentences:- An exclamatory sentences expresses some strong feelingWhat a great singer Tandem was!How rich the tradition of Indian classical music is!Note:- Assertive or imperative sentence... (.) At the endInterrogative sentence...(?) at the endExclamatory sentence...(!) at the endWrite As for assertive, In for interrogative, Im for imperative and Ex for exclamatory sentences:1. What a great playwright Shakespeare was!Ans:- Ex2. Have you read Shakespeare's As You Like It?Ans:- In3. It is one of the great comedies written by him.Ans:- As4. Tell me the story of the play in brief.Ans:- Im5. How can we lower pollution levels?Ans:- In6. Stop burning piles of harvested crop.Ans:- Im7. Look at the rainbow stretching across the sky.Ans:- Im8. How colourful it looks!Ans:- Exexercise 4. Rewrite the following groups of words as sentences. The kind of sentence to formed is mentioned in the brackets. The first word of the sentence is underline1. gramophone and the lamp include inventions Edison's electric the (statement)Ans:- Edison's inventions include the electric gramophone and the lamp.2. the he thirty-one invented at only gramophone age the of (statement)Ans:- He invented the gramophone only at the age of thirty one.3. Bulb he later invented electric the also (statement)Ans:- Later he invented the electric bulb also.4.Graham Bell invented the telephone to improve was first of one his jobs by (statement)Ans:- One of his first jobs was to improve the telephone invented by Graham Bell.5.it paid a Western Union 1,00,000 dollars company called for him (statement)Ans:- A company called western union paid him 1,00,000 dollars for it.6. a bulb had to out carry he good thousand tests six make electric to (statement)Ans:- He had to carry out a good electric bulb to make six thousand tests7.patience have it how must needed much (exclamation)Ans:- How much patience must have it needed!8.Edison inspiration to life the try from get of (command)Ans:- Try to get the inspiration from life of EdisonTransformation of sentences:-Interchanging Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences:-Exclamatory Sentences are spoken under the impact of strong emotions. Their word order is slightly different from that of assertive sentences.Many of them begin with what and hoe:What a lovely dress!How lovely the rose is!How melodiously the nightingale sings!To change an exclamatory Sentence into an assertive sentence:-1. Restore the original word order.2. Add a word to suggest the initial force of the sentence.3. Replace the exclamation mark with a full stop.For example:- •What a comment!It is a (an) strange /extraordinary/excellent comment• How unfortunate!It is very unfortunate.Exercise 5. Rewrite the following exclamatory sentences as assertive sentences:1. What a sharp-eyed detective Sherlock Holmes was!Ans:- Sherlock Holmes was a very sharp-eyed detective.2. What a piece of work man is!Ans:- Man is a wonderful piece of work.3. How humid and sultry the weather is!Ans:- The weather is very humid and sultry 4. How delicious the food and how efficient the service!Ans:- The food is very delicious and the service is very effective.5. What a welcome the victorious team received!Ans:- The victorious team received a great welcome6. How cold and scary the night!Ans:- The night is very cold and scary.7. How rich but how mean!Ans:- The person is not wise, even though he/she is rich8. What an intelligent answer!Ans:-It was an intelligent answer.Chapter 2 "Subject and Predicate"A.Parts of a sentence: Subject and PredicateEvery sentence is made up of two parts . Look at this Sentence:A policeman appeared on the scene.What is this sentence about? - a policeman . So a policeman is the first part of the sentence. The second part says something about a policeman: appeared on the scene.The first part of the sentence that names what the sentence is about is called the subject.The second part of the sentence that says something about the subject is called the predicate.The subject often says who or what performs the action that the verb refer to .B. In statements , the subject is usually placed before the predicate. Look at this sentence:This story is very interesting.Subject:- this storyPredicate:-is very interesting.But sometimes , for the sake of emphasis, this order may be reversed. For example, Ranjit stood in a corner of the room.(normal order)Subject:-RanjitPredicate:-stood in a corner of the room.In a corner of the room stood Ranjit(order changed for emphasis)Subject:-RanjitPredicate:-In a corner of the room stoodSubject in Imperative SentencesIn Imperative Sentences, the subject is always'you' . But the subject is not stated ; it is implied. Take these two sentences:Wait outside.Take this medicine every four hours.These sentences actually mean- You must wait outside.You should take this medicine every four hours.Now it is clear that in both these sentences, the subject is you.In Imperative Sentences, the subject is always 'you' , but it is implied and not stated.In questions and exclamations, the word order is slightly changed and the subject is not placed first. So in order to find out the subject, it is also helpful to write these sentences as statements. For example, 1. Have they bought the books? (Question)In order to find the subject, we may write this sentence as They have bought the books. (Statement)Now we can easily see that the subject is they.2. How nice you are !(exclamation)We may write this Sentence as You are (how) nice.The subject is you. Similarly, 3. What a stupid answer she gave ! may be rewritten as She gave (what) a stupid answer. The subject is she.To find the subject in a question or an exclamation, write the given sentence as a statement.
Exercise. Underline the subject in the following sentences:1. The earth's land was once made up of a single, huge continent.2. One big, deep ocean covered the rest of the planet.3. How were so many oceans and seas formed?4. Tell me the story of their creation.Subject:- you5. The original land mass split itself up into large pieces.6. These pieces gradually moved further apart.7. Their movement created the oceans and the continents.8. On a small table near my bed is lying an encyclopedia.9. Page 163 of this book gives all the details.10. What an interesting story you have told me! Subject:- youChapter 3Subject: NounsA. Parts of speechIn order to study the English language, all words are placed in classes or categories called parts of speech. There are eight parts of speech : noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. We have already read a little about these parts of speech in lower classes. Now we shall study them in detail. However, it is important to understand one thing right in the beginning. A word may not always belong to the same class. We should never say that a word is a noun, adjective or verb. It may be used as a noun in one sentence and as an adjective in another. The class to which a word belongs depends upon the work it does in a particular sentence. Look at the following examples:1. My father patted me on the back . (Noun)2. We left the house from the back door. (Adjective)3. The contractor backed out of the agreement.(verb)4. The servant came back yesterday.(adverb)What part of speech word is, depends upon the work it does in the sentence it belongs to.NounsA noun is the name of a person, animal, place or thing. It may also name a feeling or idea.The words boy, girl, Neha, Kanpur, hospital, stone, army, anger, beauty are all nouns. In short , we can say that a noun is a naming word, or a noun is the name of anything.Kinds of Nouns:-There are four kinds of nouns.1. Proper noun2. Common noun3. Abstract noun4. Collective nounNote:- words like wood , stone, water, etc., Were earlier classified as material nouns. It is now usual to treat them as common nouns.Proper nouns:- A noun which names a particular person, place or thing is called a proper noun.Sachin names a particular person. Jaipur names a particular place. Hindustan Times names a particular thing. The words Sachin, Jaipur and Hindustan Times are all proper nouns.Proper nouns include the name of persons, countries, cities, towns, villages, historical places, rivers,ships, streets, mountains,months of the year, days of the week, festivals, books, newspapers, etc.Note:- A proper noun always begin with capital letter.Common nouns :- A noun that gives a common name to persons ,places or things of the same kind is called a common noun.The words book, pen, river, mountain, train, bird, animal,city are all common nouns. Ganga, Yamuna, Mahanadi, Gomti are the names of rivers. The word river is a common noun. It is a name shared by all the four. But Ganga is the name of a particular river. So the world Ganga is a proper noun. Similarly , the words Yamuna, Mahanadi and Gomti are also proper nouns.Abstract nouns:- An abstract noun is the name of some state, quality, feeling or idea that we can only think of or feel but cannot touch or see.Words like heat, beauty, truth, love, anger, height are abstract nouns. We can feel heat, but we cannot touch or see it. What we touch or see is a hot object and not heat. Similarly, we can think of love , but we cannot see or touch love.Collective Nouns:-A collective noun is the name of a collection of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.Note:- a collective noun can be used as a common noun also . We can think of teams , armies , bundles ,etc.Words like army , bunch , pack, fleet are collective nouns.Army ... A collection of soldiersBunch... A collection of keys or grapes.Pack ... A collection of dogsFleet... A collection of ships or carspick out the nouns in the following sentence. say whether they are proper common abstract or collective nouns: 1.virat kohli is the captain of the team. he is an inspiring leader. 2. a colony of ants has built a nest in the tree. 3. the deer grazing in the field were chased away by a pack of wolves. 4. our principal has both wisdom and knowledge but a short termper. 5.doctors use a thermometer to measure temperature. 6. shahjahan built the tajmahal at agra in the memory of his wife. 7. aleena visited her friend in the hospital and took a bouquet of flowers for her. Correct nouns in the sentence are:-1. Virat Kohli - Proper noun, captain - common noun, team - collective noun2. Nest, Tree - common noun, colony, ants - collective nouns3.Deer , wolves, field - common noun , pack- collective noun4. Principal - common noun, wisdom, knowledge- abstract noun5. Doctors , thermometer - common noun , temperature - abstract noun6. Shah Jahan , Taj Mahal, Agra - Proper noun , love - abstract noun , wife - common noun7.Aleena , flowers - common noun , bouquet - collective nounEx.1 - Form abstract nouns from these words by adding the given suffixes:i. ness : great , kind , happy , lazy , dark , blind, snookii. ity : real , equal , pure , able , moraliii. dom : free , wise , kingiv. ship : friend , hard , leaderv. th : grow , heal, true , deep, die strong,Solution:- (i)greatness , kindness , happiness , laziness , darkness , blindness, snooknessii. reality , equality , purity , ability , moralityiii. freedom , wisdom , kingdomiv. friendship , hardship , leadershipv. growth , health, trueth , depth, death strengthfill in the blanks with abstract nouns formed from the words given in the brackets. 1. there is very little __________(differ) between ________(succeed) and__________(fail). if you have ________(confident), _________(sincere) and the __________(able) to work hard, you will do will in life. Ans:- difference , success and failure. Confidence , sincerity and abilityLet us learn the use of the following collective nouns:1. An army or battalion or regiment of soldiers2. An army of ants3. A bouquet or bunch of flowers4. A brood of chickens or hens5. A bunch of keys, grapes, flowers, bananas6. A bundle of sticks7. A colony of ants, frogs8. A clump or grove of trees9. A crew of sailors10. A crowd or mob of people11. A fleet of ships , cars12. A flight of birds13. A flock of sheep, birds14. A gaggle of geese15. A herd of cows,deer, cattle , or elephants16. A little of puppies, kittens17. An orchard of fruit tree 18.a pack of wolves , dogs, hounds, cards19. A pair of shoes20. A pride of lions21. A shoal or school of fish22. A suite of rooms23. A swarm, hive or cluster of bees24. A swarm of flies , mosquitoes25. A team of players, oxen , horses26 a troupe of dancersAbstract and concrete nounsNouns can also be classified as abstract or concrete Abstract noun name feelings (love, anger) , quality (bravery, honesty) , states of mind(hope, trust) or ideas(education, knowledge) . What these words suggest has no physical form that we may see or touch.Concrete nouns stand for something that we can see or touch, something that has a physical form, something that has a position in space. Concrete nouns usually refer to people (uncle, architect), animals (kangaroo, swan, ant) , places(hospital, market) and things (watch, brush). Words like glass, milk, blood, steam(names of substances) are also concrete nounsCountable and uncountable nounsThis is one more way of classifying nouns.Most common nouns are countable. They have both singular and plural forms:Wall- walls, dog - dogsOther common nouns are uncountable. They have a singular, but no pleural:Bread - breads (no) , milk - milks(no)Chapter 4 Nouns : NumberSingular and plural nounsA noun is said to be singular (or in the singular number) if it refers to one person or thing.A noun is said to be plural (or in the plural number) if it refers to more than one person or thing.The nouns girl, doll, bus, knife, baby , photo are singular.The nouns girls, dolls, buses, knives, babies, photos are plural.Only countable nouns can have a plural form.Formation of pluralsWe have the following rules to change singular nouns to plural.1. Most of the nouns ... Add -sSingular ------> pleuralBook. BooksBoy boysCow. CowsFlower. FlowersGirl. GirlsHorse. HorsesTrain. TrainsTree. TreesWindow. Windows2. Nouns ending in a hissing sound . Add -es(Ending In -s, -ss, --o ,-sh, -ch , -x , -z)Ass ...assesBench. ... benchesBox ...boxesBrush.. BrushesBush... bushesChurch.... ChurchesClass.... classesDish ...dishesGas ....gasesGlass.. .glassesMatch.... matchesWatch.... watches3. Most nouns ending in --oAdd -esBuffalo.... buffaloesHero.... heroesMango .....mangoesMosquito .....mosquitoesTorpedo..... torpedoesPotato... potatoesHowever, some nouns that end in --o form their plural in the normal way,Bamb.oo.... bamboosPhoto... photosPiano... pianos4. Nouns ending in -f and -fe Change the -f or -fe into -ves.Calf calvesHalf ....hal...ife... knivesLeaf...... leavesLife... livesLoaf..... loavesShelf..... shelvesThief..... thievesWife..... wivesWolf ......wolvesHowever, some words ending in -f form their plural in the normal way.Chief ...chiefs Gulf.... gulfsRoof..... roofs5. Nouns ending in a constant + y Change the -y into -ies.Army... armiesBaby.... babiesCity..... citiesCountry ....countriesdiary.... diariesFairy...... fairiesFamily....... familiesFly ....fliesLady .....ladies pony .....poniesReply...... repliesStory..... stories6. Nouns ending in a vowel + y Add -sBoy ...boysDonkey.. donkeys Ray ....raysStorey .....storeys Valley.... valleys7. A few nouns form their pleural by changing the inside vowel or vowels of the singular.Foot ....feet Goose... geeseLouse ....liceMan.... men Mouse..., miceWasherman..... washermenTooth.... teethwoman .....8. Nouns consisting of several words Add -s to the main wordCommander - in - chief commanders - in - chief Maid servant maid servantsMother- in - law mothers in lawPasser by passers bySon in law sons in lawRemember that the plural of man servant is men servants9. The plural of of is oxen and that of child is childrenDeer, sheep, fish, dozen score and hundred.have the same form in the singular as well as the pleural. For example,Singular sentence:- The wolf killed a sheep Plural sentence:- The wolves killed several sheepSingular sentence:- We need a dozen sheetsPlural Sentence:- We need five dozen sheets Singular Sentence:- The shopkeeper sold a score oranges.Plural Sentence:-The shopkeeper sold three score oranges.However, we do say-Dozens of sheets Scores of oranges Hundreds of birdsIn the case of fish,we use fishes also. Fish suggests a single variety; fishes suggests different varieties.In the same way, the pleural of fruit can be both fruits and fruit.Fruit suggest a single variety; fruits suggests different varieties:It is good to eat fruit every day.A variety of fruits were served at the party.Scissors, spectacles, trousers, shorts, jeans, clothes (stitched) , tongs and scales suggest two essential parts. So these words are used in the pleural form:My spectacles need to be changed .( Pleural verb - need)His trousers are dirty.( Pleural verb - are)Cattle and people have the appearance of a singular noun. But they are used as plural:The cattle are grazing in the field. (Pleural verb - are)The people were not impressed. (Pleural verb - were)Mathematics, politics, news, measles and innings look to be plural. But they are used as singular nouns:Mathematics is my favourite subject. The news is not true. (We have used is, which is a singular verb)We won the match by an innings and sixty runs. (The article an is used with a singular noun.)Furniture, scenery, advice and information are always used in the singular:This furniture is not for sale.The scenery here is very charming.Figures and letters are made plural by adding -'s : 3- 3's ; p- p'sAdd two 4's to three 2'sYou don't write your p's well.Abstract nouns like love, beauty and anger are not countable. So they have no plural form. But some abstract nouns can have a plural form as well:Victory - victoiesFailure - failuresShout - shoutsDecision - decisionsSubstances or materials like iron, copper, wood, stone, paper (sometimes called material nouns) are also not countable. So they are used only in the singular :Paper is needed to print books.Wood is used to make furniture.Note. We should not say- This house is made of stones (X)In this Sentence, the word stone has been used as the name of a building material. So it is uncountable.but we can say- the child was throwing stones in the pond.Here, the word stones means pieces of stone.Many other nouns that have both countable and uncountable uses have a plural form when they are countable:The bright lights of the city. (Countable)Lights travels very fast (uncountable)Sum up :-Same form in the singular as well as the plural:Deer,sheep , fish , dozen, hundred, aircraftUsed in the plural form:Scissors, spectacles, trousers,jeans , shorts, clothes, tongs, binoculars.Singular in appearance but uses as plural:Cattle, peoplePlural in appearance but used as singular:Mathematics, politics, innings, news, measlesUsed as singular :Furniture, scenery, advice, informationOnly countable nouns have a plural form.Exercise 1 1. Pony -> ponies2. Piano ->pianos3. Leaf-> leaves4. Proof-> proves5. Ox -> oxen6. Tomato -> tomatoes7. Company ->companies8. Army-> armies9. Monkey ->monkeys10. Man servant ->men servants11. Deer ->deer 12. 2 ->2's13. Mouse-> mice14. Dozen-> dozen15. Maid servant ->maid servantsExample 2 . Give the singular form: (for oral practice)1bodies -> body2 joys -> joy3.loaves ->loaf4. Coolies-> coolie5. Keys ->key6. Bushes-> bush7 sheep -> sheep8. Watches ->watch9 storeys storeys10. Rays ray11 feet foot12.wives wife13. Children child14. Lillies lily15. FairiesExercise 3 :- In these sentences, change the underlined nouns into their plural form. Make other changes where necessary:1. Even this leaf will fall off in autumn.Ans:- Even these leaves will fall off in autumn.2. The man who was involved in the accident was saved by a passer by.Ans :-The men who were involved in the accident were saved by several passers by.3. The black sheep is grazing in the valleyAns :- the black sheep were grazing in the valleys.4. His reply to my question was correct.Ans:- His replies to my questions were correct5. The roof of this house is made of stone.Ans :- the roofs of these houses are made up of stone.6. A mother in law should love her daughter in-lawAns:- The mothers in law should love their daughters in law7.the nanny told the child a story about a fairy.Ans :- the nannies told the children stories about several fairies.
Exercise 4:- In these sentences, change the underlined nouns into their singular for .make other changes where necessary:1. Flies can spread diseases.Ans:- fly can spread disease2. The knives on the shelves are new.Ans :- the knife on the shelf is new.3. Do you know the ladies and the gentlemen standing outside?Ans - Do you know the lady and the gentleman standing outside?4. Heroes are honoured by their countries.Ans:-Hero is honoured by his country.5. Some passers by took the children to the hospital.Ans:- some passer by took the child to the hospital.Chapter 5Nouns : GenderA. A noun that denotes a male is said to be the masculine gender.Nouns like boy, man , brother, father, king,dog , etc., are of the masculine gender.A noun that denotes a female is said to be of the feminine gender.Nouns like girl,woman, sister, mother, queen, bitch, etc., Are of the feminine gender.A noun that can denote both a male and a female I said to be the common gender.Nouns like baby , child, parent, teacher, pupil, student, person , doctor, player, cousin, friend, neighbour, bird , etc., are of the common genderA noun that denotes a non living is said to be the neuter gender. (The word neuter means neither , that is neither male nor female)Nouns like book, pen, chair, car, wood , gold, school, etc.,are of the neuter gender.B. Collective nouns like crew , flock, class, army denote collections of living beings For example, class is a collection of students and students are living beings. Similarly, army is a collection of soldiers and soldiers are living beings too.But collective nouns are thought to be of the neuter gender.Collective nouns are thought to be of the neuter gender.Formation of the Feminines of nounsThere are three ways of forming the feminines of nouns.1. By adding -ess to the masculine:Masculine FeminineHeir heiressBaron baronessHost hostessLion lionessPriest priestessSometimes the spellings of the words may have to be altered slightly before adding the -ess.Duke duchessEmperor empressgod goddessHunter HuntressMaster mistressGovernor governessPrince princessTiger tigressWaiter waitress2. By using an entirely different word:Bull cowCock henColt fullyDog bitchEarl countessFox vixenGander gooseGentleman ladyHorse mareHusband wifeKing queen Lord ladyMonk nunNephew nieceRam eweSir madamStag hindUncle aunt4. See how we form the feminine of nouns that are compound words:Fisherman fisherwomanGrandfather grandmotherMan servant maid servantMilk man milk maidStep father step motherLandlord landladyPeacock peahenHe goat she goatStepson stepRemember the masculine and feminine of these nouns:Bridegroom brideHero heroineLad lassMr. Mrs.Widower widowThe following nouns are of the common gender:Child Parent ReporterCompanionPersonStudentCousinPlayerTeacherFriend Pupil TutorThe following words have gone out of use:Authoress PoetessActressThe words author, poet and actor are now supposed to be of the common gender.It is now common to refer to pet animals and domestic animals like dog, cat, cow, etc., As he or she.Kitty was little Arushu's pet cat. She slept in the same bed as Arushi.Exercise 1 Give the feminine gender of these nouns: (for oral practice)1. Waiter waitress2. Monk nun3. Stag hind4. Cock hen5. Colt filly6. Master mistress7. Earl countess8. Milkman milkmaid9.duke duchess10. He bear she bear11.Gander goose12. Governor governessExercise 2 . Give the masculine gender of these nouns: (for oral practice)1. Mare horse2. Countess earl3. Vixen fox4. Wife husband5. She goat he goat6. Queen king7. Aunt uncle8. Madam sirExercise 3 . Speak out the gender of the underlined nouns: (for oral practice)1. Richard invited his friend to his new houseAns:- Richard (masculine) Friend (common)House(neuter)2. The wife surprised her husband with tickets to the stadium.Ans:-wife (feminine)Husband (masculine)Tickets , stadium (neuter)3. The teacher has taken her class to a museum.Ans:- teacher (feminine)Class, museum (neuter)4. The player retired from the match because of an injury.Ans:- player (common) Match , injury (neuter)Exercise 4. Rewrite these sentences changing the underlined nouns to their opposite gender. Make other changes where necessary:1. The milkman had only one cow left in his shed.Ans:-The milkmaid had only one cow left in her shed.2. The duchess attended the king's lifeAns:-The duck attended the queen's life3. The hunter spared the stag's lifeAns:-The huntress spared the hind's life4. Mr. Khana took his bride to Italy for a vacation.Ans:-Mrs. Khana took her bridegroom to Italy for a vacation.Chapter 6Nouns : caseA. Nominative CaseWhen a noun is used as the subject of a verb , it is said to be in the normative case.For example,1. Navya ate ice cream.2. The question is wrong.Navya is the subject of the verb ate. Question is the subject of the verb is. The nouns Navya and question are in the nominative Case.Note. In chapter 2, we have already learnt how to find out the subject of a verb. Here is another tip to help you. To find out the subject of a verb, put who or what before it.In Sentence 1, who ate ice cream?- Navya . So Navya is the subject.In Sentence 2, what is wrong? - question. So question is the subject.To find out the subject of a verb, put who or what before it. The answer tells you what the subject is.Objective or Accusative caseWhen a noun is used as the object of a verb, it is said to be in the objective or Accusative case.For example,1. Navya ate ice cream.2. Father praised Karan for his sincerity.Ice cream is the object of the verb ate. Karan is the object of the verb praised . The nouns ice cream and Karan are in the objective or Accusative case.Note. To find out the object of a verb, we put what or whom after it.In Sentence 1, Navya ate what?- ice cream. So ice cream is the object.In Sentence 2, Father praised whom? - Karan . So Karan is the objectTo find out the object of a verb, put what or whom after it. The answer tells you what the object is.Possessive caseWhen a noun shows possession, it is said to be in the possessive case.Look at these sentences:1. Anu's bag is on the table.2. The dog bit the cat's tail.In Sentence 1, Anu's bag = the bag possessed by Any or the Bag belonging to Any.In Sentence 2, the cat's tail = the tail belonging to the cat.The (') used to show possession is called apostrophe.The. Possessive case can be used to convey meanings other than possession also; Lord Rama's temple : the temple in which Lord Rama is worshipped.Wordsworth's poems : the poems written by Wordsworth.The dog's food : the food meant for the dogHow to form the possessive case1. In the case of singular nouns , we use -'s:The house of my uncle : my uncle's houseThe palace of the king : the king's palaceThe car of Mr Das : Mr Das's car2. With Singular nouns ending in -s, ' and 's are both acceptable:Mr Das' car ✓ Mr Das's car✓Yeats' poetry ✓. Yeats's poetry ✓ 's is preferred if it's addition does not make a word sound very awkward.3. With plural nouns that end in -s, we add just an apostrophe (') after -s (that is, we do not use -'s; we use only '):the hostel meant for the boys : the boys' hostelThe uniforms of the soldiers : the soldiers' uniforms4. With plural nouns that don't end in -s , we use -'sThe club for men : men's clubThe books for children : children's books5. We use (') or -'s only with living beings. Apostrophe is not used with non-living objects:We do not say : the picture's frameWe say : the frame of the picture✓We do not say : the car's wheelsWe say : the wheels of the car✓Formation of possessivesSingular nouns .... +'s John's carSingular nouns ending in -s .... +'s Mr Das car/Mr Das's car or 's .... 's is more common.Plural nouns ending in -s ... +'s my parents' viewsPlural nouns not ending in -s ... +'s women's hostel's usually not used with non living things F. If we treat object as a living beings, it is quite in order to use an apostrophe with it: my country's progress; duty's call.G. We use an apostrophe with nouns denoting time, space or weight:A day's journey; a week's stay ; a metre's length.H. Note the use of 's before worth:a rupee's worth of peanuts; Five rupee's worth of sugar.Exercise 1 . Write down the possessive form of the following:1. The office of the PrincipalAns:- The Principal's office2. The friend of my cousinAns:- My cousin's friend3. The shop of the chemistAns:- The chemist's shop4. The house in which the doctor livesAns:- The doctor's house5. The feathers of the peacockAns:- The peacock's feather6. The uniform worn by his uncleAns:- His uncle's uniform7. The ideas expressed by Dr KalamAns:- Dr. Kalam's ideas8. The novels written by DickensAns:- The Dickens' novels9. Absence for a yearAns:- A year's absence10. Weight of a kilogramAns:- A kilogram's weight11. The statement issued by the presidentAns:- The president's statement12. The songs sung by LataAns:- Lata's songExercise 2:- Write down the possessive form of the following:1. The flats in which the teachers liveAns:- Teachers' flats2. The seats meant for ladiesAns:- Ladies' seats3. The nests of the birdsAns:- Birds' nest4. The costumes of the dancers Ans:- dancers' costumes5. The blessings of my parentsAns:- My parents' blessings6. The union of the workers.Ans:- The workers' union7. The wages of the washerwomanAns:- the washerwomen's wages8. The dresses of the women.Ans:- women's dressesExercise 3 . Make these expression plural:1. The elephant's trunkAns:- The elephants' trunk2. The cow's hornsAns:- The cows' horn3. A man's clothesAns:- Men's clothes4. The baby's toysAns:- The babies' toys5. A child's roomAns:- Children's rooms6. This lady's problemsAns:- These ladies' problems7. That girl's eyesAns:- Those girls' eyes8. The ox's tailAns:- The oxen's tails.Chapter 7 AdjectivesAn adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun (or a pronoun)The word boy is a noun. We can have a tall boy an intelligent boy, a rich boy, a polite boy, a lazy boy, an honest boy, etc. In these expressions, the words tall, intelligent, rich, polite, lazy and honest all describe the noun boy. All these words are adjectives. An adjective is a describing word.Now look at these expression: some food, several questions, two girls, eighth exercise, this tree, which building, my father. In these expressions, the words some, several, two, eighth, this, which and my are also adjectives.When we use adjectives with nouns, they make the nouns precise. They also make our language beautiful. But we should be careful in choosing the adjectives we use. We should clearly know what we want to say about people or things and choose the adjectives accordingly.B. Position of AdjectivesWhen an adjective is used to describe a noun, it is normally places before the noun;An easy question A new designBut sometimes, an adjective may be placed after the noun as well:This question is easy.That design is new.C. Kinds of AdjectivesAdjectives can be of six kinds. These are :-Quality :- honest , easyQuantity :- some, muchNumber:- three, severalDemonstrative :- this , thatInterrogative:- what , whichPossessive :- my , your.D. Adjectives of qualityAn adjective of quality describes the quality of a person or thing.The teacher asked a difficult question.APJ Abdul Kalam was a beloved President.An adjective of quality answers the question:what kind of?E. Proper Adjectives An adjective derived from a proper noun is called a proper adjective.Indian doctors enjoy a good reputation.Chinese goods are exported globally.Proper adjectives are, in fact , adjectives of quality.F. Adjectives of QuantityAn adjective of quantity specifies the quantity of a thing.We have enough food for a month.We need some water also.The car gave me much trouble.An adjective of quality answers the question : how much?G. Adjectives of NumberAn adjective of number tells how many persons or things are meant.Five passengers got into the bus.Many friends helped him.He can speak several languages.An adjective of number answers the question : how many?H .Adjectives like third, fifth, eleventh are derived from numbers. The adjective third, for example, is derived from the word three. Similarly, the adjective fifth is derived from the word five. These adjectives are also called adjectives of number.Since these adjectives show in what order a person or thing stands, they are also called ordinal adjectives.I. Distributive AdjectivesAn adjective which refers to each one of a number is called a distributive Adjective.Every child must be sent for a medical check up.Neither candidate as found suitable.Distributive Adjectives are a kind of adjectives of number.Look at these two Sentences:Give the beggar some food.Some parents came to meet the Principal.In the first Sentence, some food answers the question: how much food? So, some is an adjective of quantity. In the second sentence, some parents answers the question: how many parents? So, some is an adjective of number. It means that the same word can be an adjective of quantity or an adjective of number, depending upon the way it is used.Nouns can be countable or uncountable. Books are countable; milk is uncountable. An adjective used with an uncountable noun is an adjective of quantity; an adjective used with a countable noun is an adjective of number:We have sufficient milkSufficient :- adjective of quantityMilk :- uncountable nounWe have sufficient books.Sufficient:- adjective of numberBooks:- countable nounAdjective used with an uncountable noun..... Adjective of quantityAdjective used with a countable noun .... Adjective of numberK. Demonstrative AdjectivesA demonstrative Adjective is used to point out some person or thing.These walls need to be painted.Such students always get good marks.A certain king was very kindWe do not have many demonstrative Adjectives. You will see only this , that , these, those, yonder, such and certain used as demonstrative Adjectives.L. Interrogative AdjectivesAn adjective which, when used with a noun, asks a question is called an interrogative Adjective.What question did the teacher ask?Which umbrella is yours?Whose painting has won the prize?M. Possessive AdjectivesA possessive adjective shows possession or belonging.Your dresses are elegant.Our car needs repairs.We went to his house.A possessive adjective answers the question: whose?My, our, your, his, her, it's and their are used as possession adjectives.Exercise 1. Pick out the Adjectives in these sentences and say what kind of Adjective they are. Also tell the noun to which each one belongs:1. Ripe mangoes are delicious.Ans:- adjective of quality - ripe, deliciousNoun :- mango2. Such mistakes are very common.Ans:- demonstrative adjective:- such Noun:- mistakeAdjective of quality :- common3. Which child has won the first prize?Ans:- noun :- child , prizeAdjective of number:- first4. Several children took part in that rae.Ans:- several :- adjective of numberNoun :- children, raceDemonstrative Adjectives :- that5. Ruchika is an intelligent student.she could answer all the questions.Ans:- adjective of quality :- intelligentAdjective :- allNoun :- student , question6. A certain Saint lived on yonder hillAns:- demonstrative Adjectives :- certain, yonderNoun:- Saint , hill7. A troupe of Japanese dancers presented a cultural show at our school.Ans:- adjective :- Japanese, cultural ,ourNoun:- dancers, school8. Each student was allowed to borrow two books from.the library.Ans:- demonstrative adjective :- each Adjective of number :- twoNoun :- student, books, libraryExercise 2. Pick out the adjectives in the following story and say what kind of Adjective they are:Once a severe epidemic broke out in Cuttack. Subhas Bose went there with a small team to help the poor and sick people. some people praised the work being done by Subhas and his friends, but many people made fun of them also. Haider was one person who always ridiculed them. " These people are mad , stupid and useless," he would often say.Once some members of Haider's family fell ill. Haider went out to look for medical help but no help was available anywhere. Haider was very sad as he returned home. But a great surprise was waiting him there. Subhas and his friends were already there looking after the sick people. Haider thanked them greatly. He was also sorry for his earlier behaviour."There is no need to thank us, " said Subhas. "We were doing only our duty."Ans:- severe --> Small -->Poor and sick --> Some --> adjective of quantityThese -> demonstrative AdjectivesOften -> Our -> Exercise 3 . Add -ous, -able, - ful ,-al or -y to the following words to form adjectives.( You may have to alter the spellings slightly) one group of letters goes with two words: (for oral practice)Air -> AiryAchieve -> AchievableGlory -> gloriousHealth-> healthyEnjoy -> enjoyablePlay -> playfulmusic -> musicalBeauty -> Beautiful nature -> naturalMystery -> mysteriousUse the adjectives you have formed in Sentences of your own.Exercise 4 . Fill in the blanks with adjectives formed from the words given in the brackets:1. He qualified for the______ cricket tournament.(nation)2.The teacher gave us some ____tips before our annual examination. (Value)3. He has dressed in ____ yet ____ clothes.(style, comfort)4. The birthday hat has a _____ shape.(cone)5. Mother always serves meals that are ____and _____(benefit, whole)Ans:- 1. National2. Valuable3.stylish, comfortable4. Conical5. Beneficial, wholesome: Adjectives: Degrees of comparisonA. Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees. Look at these three Sentences:1. Ramesh is a tall boy.2. Atul is taller than Ramesh.3. Vijay is the tallest of the threeThe words tall,taller and tallest are three different forms of the adjective tall.In Sentence 1, when we say Ramesh is a tall boy, we are not comparing him with any other boy.In Sentence 2 , when we say Atul is taller than Ramesh, we are comparing two boys - Atul and Ramesh.In Sentence 3, when we say Vijay is the tallest of the three, we are comparing more than two boys (three, to be exact).The word tall is said to be in the positive degree.The word taller is said to be in the comparative degree.The word tallest is said to be in the superlative degree.1. We use the positive degree of an adjective when we do not make any comparison.2. We use the comparative degree of Adjective when we compare two persons or things (or more than two groups of persons or things)3. We use the superlative degree of an adjective when we compare more than two persons or things (or more than two groups of persons or things).So No comparison ... Positive degreeComparing two persons or things ... Comparative degreeComparing more than two persons or things ... Superlative degree
B. Formation of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives1. Most adjectives form their comparative degree by adding -er and their superlative degree by adding -ess to the positive.
Positive(for one) Comparative(out of two) superlative (for more than two)Clever cleverer cleverestRich richer richestStrong stronger strongestThick thicker thickestYoung younger youngest
2. If the positive ends in ----e, we add only -r and -estPositive Comparative SuperlativeBrave braver braverestNoble nobler noblestPure purer purestWise wiser wisest
3. If the positive ends in y and the y has a consonant immediately before it, the y is changed into I before adding -er and -est . But if the y gas a vowel before it , it is not changed into i.Positive Comparative SuperlativeEasy easier easiestHappy happier happiestHeavy heavier heaviestLazy lazier laziestWealthy wealthier wealthiestBut Gay gayer gayestGrey greyer greyest4. If the positive (i) is a word of one syllable , (ii) ends in a single consonant, and (iii) has one short vowel before it, the consonant is doubled before adding -er and -estPositive Comparative SuperlativeBig bigger biggestFat fatter fattestHot hotter hottestThin thinner thinnest
5. Many adjectives of two syllables and all Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparative by using more before the positive and their superlative by using most before the positive.Beautiful more beautiful most beautifulDifficult more difficult most difficultFaithful more faithful most faithfulImportant more important most important
6. Some adjectives are compared irregularly; that is they do not follow any of the rules given above. So we try to remember their comparative and superlative forms.Bad worse worstFar farther farthest (distance)Far further furtherest (position)Good better bestLate later latest (timeLate later latter or last (position)Little less leastMany (number) more mostMuch (quantity) more mostNear nearer nearestOld older oldest Old elder eldestExercise 1. Speak out the comparative and superlative degrees of these adjectives: (for oral practice)1. Bright.... Brighter ... Brightest2. Short... Shorter ... Shortest3. Sweet...sweeter....sweetest4. Long...longer....longest5.large...larger...largest6. Able....7. Strange... Stranger.....strangest8.wide....wider....widest9. Heavy....heavier....heaviest10. Dirty.....more dirty .... Most dirty11. Sad.... 12. Many...more ...most13. Ugly ...more ugly ....most ugly14. Gay....15. Pretty...more pretty ...most pretty16. Hot...hotter....hottest17. Much...more ...most18. Costly...more costly...most costly19. Mad20. Famous...21. Little....less.... least22. High....higher highest23. Lucky..24. Active...25. Broad...26. Beautiful....more beautiful...most beautiful27. Courageous...more courageous...most courageous28. Few....fewer....fewest29. Old.... older..oldest30. Merry....31. Fit....32. Fine33. Near34. Holy35. Industrious36. Busy37. Suitable38. Popular39. Far40. LovelyUsing the degrees of comparisonExercise 2 . Look at these sentences:Tomatoes are as costly as lemons.Tomatoes are not so costly as lemons (not as costly as)Now frame similar Sentences using these words: (for oral practice)1. Honey sweet sugar. 2. Water necessary air3. Apple delicious oranges4. Radhika pretty Sunita5. Akhtar diligent Nasir.
Exercise 3 .Look at these sentences:Manju us taller than her sister.Manju is the taller of the two sisters.Now frame similar Sentences using these words:(for oral practice)1. This landscape pretty the other2. Avni intelligent her brother3. Alok strong his friend4. Priya lazy her sister5. Mr Gupta rich his neighbour
Exercise 4. Look at these sentences: The Ganga isonger than the YamunaThe Yamuna is not so long as the Ganga. (Not as long as)Now frame similar Sentences:(for oral practice)1. The Mahabharata is bigger than the RamayanaAns:-2. Anjum is more popular than AbidaAns:-3. Platinum is costlier than gold.Ans:-4. The Aravallis are older than the HimalayasAns:-5. Unleaded petrol is better for cars than leaded petrol
Exercise 5. Look at this Sentence:Mumbai us the biggest city in India.Now write similar Sentences using these words: (for oral practice)1. The Nile long river in Africa2. Mango sweet fruit in summer3. Rajni clever girl in our class4. Jeff Bezos rich in the USA5. The Burj Khalifa tall building in the world.
C.Double Comparatives and SuperlativesWe should be careful not to use double Comparatives or superlatives. We should not say:Vani is more taller than Amarjit. XTaller is the comparative degree of tall. More is also used to form the comparative degree. So , it is wrong to use more with rare. We should write this Sentence as:Vani is taller than Amarjit.Similarly, we should not write:Mount Everest is the most highest peak in the world. XInstead, we should write:Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world.
D. Much, ManyWe use much with quantity, many with number. Or we can say that we use much with uncountable, many with countables:Much workMuch troubleMany childrenMany customers
E. Little, A little, Few , A fewWe use little with quantity, few with number.Little means almost none; a little means some. Similarly few means almost none, a few means some.Little help (almost no help)A little help (some help)Few listeners (almost no listeners)A few listeners ( some listeners)
Exercise 6:- Fill in the blanks with the correct words:1. I apologise for causing you ____ trouble. (a little , a few)Ans:- a little2. __ persons turned up to see the match.(Much , Many)Ans:- many3. The bus was only ____ min late(few , a few) Ans:- a few4. I earn ____ money than my brother. (Little, less) Ans:- less5. I do not have ____ hope of success. (much, many)Ans:- much6. I felt unhappy because my friend were of ____ help. ( Little ,few)Ans:- little7. We chose the ___ of the two evils. (Fewer, lesser) Ans:- fewerF. Elder, older, Eldest, Oldest 1. We use elder and eldest only with persons. We do not use these words with animals or things. Besides, these words are not used with members of the same family: My elder brother is a doctor.Her eldest sister has got married.2. If we are going to use than in a sentence, we use older and not elder:John is older than his sister 3. Older and oldest can be used with persons as well as things:Ritesh is the oldest boy in our class.This is the oldest house in our street.
Exercise 7 . Fill in the blanks with elder , older, eldest or oldest:1. These caves are ____ than anything else.2. Can you name the ____ book in the world?3. Alok is ____ than Neeraj by two years.4. We are only two brothers. My ___brother can sing very well5. Mr. Bhatia has three sons. His ___ son is an engineer.Ans :- older , oldest ,elder ,elder, eldestExercise 8 . Fill in the. Blanks with the correct form of the adjectives given in the brackets:One day, my ____ (old) brother began to test my knowledge"Who was the _____ (powerful) king of the Maurya Dynasty?" he asked."I have ____(little) knowledge of history. But I am ____ (confident) that I know my Geography and General Science.""All right. Mt. Everest, the ____ (high) peak of the world is in India. Right or wrong?""Wrong! It is in Tibet-Nepal.""Of the two peaks, the Kanchenjunga and the Nanda Devi, which one is the _____ (high)?""The Kanchenjunga.""Which planet is the ____ (close) to the Sun?""Mercury.""And which one is the ______(far) from the sun?""NEPTUNE.""Of South Korea and Thailand , which country is the ____(rich)?""South Korea.""You know these subjects well. It was a ____(great) pleasure interacting with you," said my brother.
_WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED The words bale andbail and the words pair and pare have similar sounds But their selling being differentSuch words are called homophones. There is always a possibility of confusing these words; so we should be careful while using them. Most of the words given below are homophones. But the list also has some other pairs likely to be confused. 1. Accept — Please accept my congratulations on your brilliant success. Except — Everybody except Sarah was present at the meeting. 2 Accident — A very serious accident took place in front of our house. Incident — We requested the teacher to narrate some interesting incident from her life. 3 Answer — we answer a question: I could not answer all the questions for lack of time. Reply — we reply to a letter, a mail, a statement, etc.: We should promptly reply to all the mails we receive. .4 Assure — to convince: I assured him that he could bank upon my support. Insure — to guard against loss: We got our house insured against fire.5.Award — a kind of honour that is bestowed for doing something distinguished: iss In India, Param Vir Chakra is the highest award for bravery. ‘ Reward — something given in return for some good done by a person: A reward " of rs 5000 was given to the policeman for his honesty. 6 Board - — The teacher wrote the difficult words on the board. Bored — We were bored by the long and dreary speech. 7.Cast’ - — to throw: The fisherman cast a net to catch fish. - — we cast our vote also: Everybody above eighteen can cast their vote. Caste — a group or class in ancient India: Caste system has no place in modern _ India. The sooner we get rid of it, the better. 8.Childlike — like a child (used in positive sense): Everybody admired her for her childlike innocence. ChiIdish — like a child (used in negative sense): His childish habits often itiated his father. 9. Coarse— rough: His language may be coarse but he is innocent at heart Course-I could not revise the whole course before the examination. ;10.Compliment- an expression of regard: She received compliments for her beautiful writing.Complement- that which completes: Some verbs need a complement to conmeaning full mea
I I Continual — following quickly: He paid continual visits to the library for a month. Continuous — without a break: We reached Ambala after a continuous journey of two hours. Council — assembly: His father is a member of the Punjab Legislative Council. Counsel — advice: I thanked my teacher for her valuable counsel. 13. Custom — People living in different countries have different customs. Habit — refers to an individual: The habit of rising early in the morning is vanishing. 14. Deny — the truth of a statement: She denied that I had ever given her my notes. Refuse — to do a thing: She refused to lend me money. 15. Desert — sandy region: A large area of Rajasthan is a desert. Dessert — some fruit or sweet served at the end of a meal: All of us felt that the dessert was much better than the actual meal. 16. Doubt — to be uncertain: It is raining hard outside. I doubt if Kavya will come. Suspect — to imagine that there is some guilt present: We suspected that somebody had bribed the witness. 17. Farmer — peasant: Indian farmers no longer depend on the monsoon rains. Former — first in position: Uma and Rashmi are real sisters. The former is the younger of the two. 18. Famous — Dr Vikram Sarabhai was a famous scientist. Notorious — having an evil reputation: Last night the police nabbed a notorious dacoit. 19. Graceful — pleasing: Our new English teacher has a very graceful personality. Gracious — kind: The saint had a gracious smile for everyone that came to meet him. 20. Hail — frozen rain drops: The rain was accompanied with hailstones. Hale — healthy: Her mother was hale and hearty till yesterday. 21. Honorary — holding an office without receiving any pay: He is only an honorary doctor in the hospital but he does his work very sincerely. Honourable — worthy of honour: The honourable minister has just arrived. 22. Industrial — relating to industry: The industrial development of India is quite satisfactory. Industrious — hardworking: Only industrious and sincere workers can progress in life. 23. Lessen — to reduce: She lessened her expenditure in order to save some Loan — My father took a loan from the bank for buying a new car. money. 24. Lesson — He did not learn any lesson from his experience. Lone — the only one: She was the lone worker in the field at that time.25. Lovable :- worthy of love: His lovable nature won everybody's respect.Lovely:- beautiful: this garden is full of lovely flowers26. Memorable- worth remembering : The prize distribution function turned out to be a memorable event.Memorial- some statue or building that preserves the memory of someone: A memorial was built in honour of the martyrs27.28.29.30.
Chapter 32Synonyms and antonymsSynonyms:- Synonyms are words having almost the same meaningAfraid and scared are synonyms. So are admit and confess. But we must remember that synonyms have almost and not exactly the same meaning. There are always shades of difference. Very often this difference is only of degree. For example, sacred suggests a higher degree of dear than afraid. In the case of admit and confess , confess has a negative suggestion while admit is general. We confess a sin, a mistake. We should be very careful in using synonyms. It is good to consult a thesaurus to understand the shades of difference in the meanings of various words.Some words and their synonyms are given below .1. Able capable , competent2. Accuse. Blame, charge3. Adequate. Sufficient4. Admit. Confess5. Adorn. Decorate6. Advantage. Benefits7. Afraid. Scared8. Allow. Permit9. Anger. Rage, fury, wrath10. Annual. Yearly11. Assistance. Aid, support, help12. Astonish. Surprise, amaze13. Awkward. Clumpsy14. Bad. Evil, wicked15. Begin. Start, commence16. Behaviour. Conduct17. Big. Huge , large, enormous18.certain. Sure19. Charming. Attractive20. Comprehend understand, grasp21. Conceal. Hide22. Concise. Brief, compact23. Contempt. Hatred, scorn24. Dangerous. Risky25. Daring. Bold, courageous26. Dear. Costly, expensive27. Decrease. Reduce, lessen, diminish28. Defect. Fault, flaw29. Disclose. Reveal30. Disease. Ailment , illness31. Dull. Cheerless, boring32. Eagar. Keen33. Enemy. Foe34. Entire. Whole, complete35. Esteem. Respect36. Famous. Renowned, eminent37. Fast. Rapid, swift38. Fight. Battle, contest, conflict39. Haste. Hurry40. Injure. Hurt41. Invasion. Attack, assault42. Lazy. Indolent, idle43. Mercy. Kindness, pity44. Mistake. Error, blunder45. Old. Ancient46. Pitiful. Merciful, sympathetic47. Polite. Courteous48. Praise. Commend,applaud, admire49. Pretty. Beautiful, lovely, attractive50. Proud. Haughty, vain51. Quiet. Calm, still52. Rash. Careless, reckless, tactless53. Rude. Insolent54. Scold. Rebuke55. Small. Tiny , puny, little56. Strong. Powerful, sturdy57. Suitable. Appropriate58. Surrender. Yield, submit59. Timid. Cowardly60. Trust. Rely, believe
AntonymsAntonyms are words opposite in meaning to each other.Some words and their antonyms are given below.1. Accept. Reject2. Active. Passive3. Appoint. Dismiss4. Arrive. Depart5. Attack. Defend6. Begin. End7. Believe. Doubt8. bless. Curse9. Bravery. Cowardice10.Bright. Dull11. Cheerful gloomy12. Coarse smooth13. Confess. Deny14. Danger. Safety15. Dead Alive16. Deep. shallow17. Entrance. Exit18. Former. Latter19. Friend. Foe, enemy20. Friendship. Enmity21. Guilty. Innocent22.health. Disease23.hit. Miss24. Hope. Despaie25. Increase. Decrease26. Inner. Outer27. Interior. Exterior28. Junior. Senior29. Knowledge ignorance30. Lead. Follow31. Lend. Borrow32. Lenient. Strict33 minimum. Maximum34 modern. Ancient35. Natural. Artificial36. Often. Seldom37. Oral. Written38. Pardon. Punish39. Permanent. Temporary40. Pleasure. Pain41. Positive. Negative42. Praise. Blame43. Proud. Humble44. Public. Private45 poverty. Riches46. Quick. Slow47. Quite. Noisy48. Real. Imaginary49. Reward. Punishment50. Rough. Smooth51. Rude. Courteous52 smile. Frown53 special. Ordinary54. Straight. Crooked55. Superior. Inferior56. Tragic. Comic57. Victory. Defeat58. Virtue. Vice59. Wild. Tame60. Wisdom. Filly, foolishnessUsing prefixes to form antonymsAntonyms can also be formed by using prefixes like un- , in- ,im-, il-, ir-, and dis-Fair - unfairTidy - untidyCorrect - incorrectComplete- incompletePure - impurePossible - impossibleLegal - illegalRegular - irregularHonest - dishonestBelief - disbelief.