Chapter1 Nutrition In plants
Keywords:-
1) Autotrophic :- The mode of nutrition in which organisms make food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic Nutrition.
2) Chlorophyll:- The green pigments present in leaves to make food by the process of photosynthesis.
3) Heterotrophs:- Organism that take in food prepared by autotrophs are called heterotrophs
4)Host:- The organism which provide food to parasites is called host.
5) Insectivorous:-insects-eating plants. Example:- pitcher plant.
6) Nutrients:- Components of food such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins are called nutrients.
7) Nutrition:-The mode of taking food by an organism and it's utilisation by the body.
8) Parasite:- The organism that live either in or on the host body is called parasite.
9) Photosynthesis:-
The process by which autotrophs make their own food with the help of chlorophyll, sunlight, water and carbon-di-oxide.
10) Saprotrophs:-
The organism that take nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.
11)Saprotrophic:-Mode of nutrition in which organism take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called Saprotrophic nutrition.
12) Stomata:- Tiny pores present on the surface of leaves which are surrounded by guard cells.
Chapter 2:-Nutrition in animals:-
Keywords:-
1.Absorption:- The process by which digested food pass into the blood vessels in the wall of intestine.
2.Amino acids:-Proteins break down into simple substances or molecules called amino acids.
3.Amoeba:-A microscopic single celled organism found in pond water.
4.Assimilation:- utilisation of food by the target organ is called assimilation.
Or
Process by which absorbed substances are used to build complex substances such as proteins required by body.
5.Bile:-A yellow green fluid made by liver that store in gall bladder.
6.Buccal Cavity:-Oral cavity that contains teeth , tongue and salivary glands.
7.Canine:-Large , pointed teeth just behind the incisors that are used for piercing and tearing of food.
8.Cellulose:-A type of carbohydrates digested by special bacteria present in rumans of ruminants.
9.Digestion:-Breakdown of complex components of food into simpler substances is called digestion.
10.Egestion:-The process of removal of faecal matter through anus from time to time is called Egestion.
11.Fatty acids:-Building blocks of fat in body is called fatty acids
12.Food vacuole:-A sac like structure which trap food for storage.
13.Gall bladder:-A sac like structure which store bile.
14.Glycerol:-A colourless sweet liquid produce by breakdown of fat is called glycerol.
15.Incisor:-Teeth for cutting and biting is called incisor. They are 8 in number.
16.Ingestion:-The process of taking food into the body is called Ingestion.
17.Liver:-Largest gland of body which secrets bile juice is called Liver.
18.Milk teeth:-The first set of teeth grows during infancy and they fall off at the age of 6 to 8 years.
19.Molar:-Teeth for grinding and chewing is called Molar..They are 12
in number.
20.Permanent teeth:-Second set of teeth that replace milk teeth.
21.Oesophagus:-Foodpipe that run along neck and chest.
22.Pancreas:-A large cream coloured gland located just below stomach.
23.Premolar:-Teeth for grinding and chewing. They are 4 in number.
24.Pseudopodia:- False feet or finger like projection seen in Amoeba to capture its prey
25.Rumen:- Animals such as cow deer etc . quickly swallow the grass and store it in a part of stomach called rumen.
26.Ruminant:- Animals which show rumination is called Ruminant. Eg deer , cattle etc
27.Rumination:-The process in which animals chew the cud which replaces in its mouth in small lumps is called Rumination.
28.Salivary glands:- Glands which secrets saliva.
29.Villi:- Inner wall of small intestine have thousands of finger like outgrowth is called Villi.
30.Saliva:- liquid which breakdown starch into simpler substances is called Saliva.
Chapter 3:- Fibre to fabric
KEYWORDS:-
1.COCOON:-The caterpillar completely covers itself by silk fibres and turn into pupa.
This covering is known as cocoon
2.FLEECE:-Hair of sheep or yak from which wool obtained.
3.REELING:-The process of taking out threads from the cocoon fro use as silk is called reeling of silk.
4.SCOURING:-Sheared skin is washed in tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt. This is called scouring
5.SERICULTURE:-Rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture.
6.SHEARING:-The fleece of sheep along with a thin layer of skin is removed from its body. This process is called shearing.
7.SILK MOTH:-A large moth with a caterpillar that spins a protective silken cocoon.
8.SILKWORM:-Worm whose caterpillar make silk fibre.
9.SORTING:-In factory , different textures of hairy skin are seperated
.
Chapter 4: Heat
Keywords:-
Celsius scale:- A type of Scale use to measure temperature .
Conduction:-The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object is known as conduction.
Conductor:-The materials which allows heat to pass through them easily are called conductors.
Example:- Aluminium, Iron and copper.
Convection:- The process of transfer of heat by actual motion of matter is called convection.
It is possible only in fluids.
Insulator:- The material which donot allow heat to pass through them easily are called insulators.
Example:- Plastic and wood.
Land breeze:- At night cool air blows from land to sea in a cyclic manner. This is called land breeze.
Radiation:- The transfer of heat between separated by a distance even in vaccum is called radiation. Here no medium is required.
Sea breeze:-At day cool air blows from sea to land in a cyclic manner. This is called Sea breeze.
Temperature:- A reliable measure of the hotness of object is called temperature of that object.
Thermometer:- Device used to measure temperature is called thermometer.
It is of two types:-
Clinical thermometer
Laboratory thermometer
Chapter 5 :- Acids, Bases and Salts
Keywords:-
1.Acid:-The substances which are sour in taste and convert blue litmus paper to red in aqueous solution. Example :- lemon, Hydrochloric acid etc.
2.Acidic:-The chemical nature of acid is called acidic.
3.Base:-The substances which are bitter in taste and convert red litmus paper to blue in aqueous solution. Example:- baking soda, Soap etc.
4.Basic:-The chemical nature of base is called basic.
5.Indicator:-Substances which are used to test whether a substance is acidic or basic is called indicators. Example:- turmeric, Litmus, China rose and Phenolphthalein etc.
6.Neutral:-Substances which are neither basic nor acidic in nature are said to be neural. Example:- common salt.
7.Neutralisation:-The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water with the evolution of heat is called neutralisation reaction.
8.Salt:-A chemical which is formed by neutralisation reaction. It can be acidic, basic or neutral in nature.
Chapter :- 6
Physical and chemical changes
Keywords:-
Chemical change:- Irreversible Change in which new substance is formed.
Crystallisation:-Process by which large crystals of pure substance can be formed from their solutions is called Crystallisation.
Physical changes:- Reversible Changes in which no new substance is formed
Chemical reaction:- Reaction in which new substance is formed is called chemical reaction.
Galvanisation:- A method used to protect iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc.
Rusting:- When iron exposed to moist air for a long time acquires a coating of a brown flaky substance called rust.
This process is called rusting of Iron
Chapter:- 7
Weather, Climate and Adaptation of Animals to Climate
Keywords:-
1. Adaptation:- Features and habits that help animals to adapt to their surroundings is called adaptation.
2. Climate:- The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the climate of the place.
3. Elements of weather:- The temperature, humidity, rainfall, windspeed and other factors are called elements of weather.
4. Humidity:- Amount of water vapour present in the air is called humidity.
5. Maximum temperature:-The temperature of the day occurs generally in the afternoon is called Maximum temperature.
6. Migration:- Mass movement of animals from one place to another in search of food, shelter and mate is called migration.
7. Minimum temperature:- The temperature of the early morning is called minimum temperature.
8. Polar region :- Region which is covered with snow and is cold for most part of year is called polar region.
9. Tropical rainforest:- Tropical region has a rainforest which supports variety of plants and animals . This rainforest is called tropical rainforest.
10. Tropical region:- Region which has a hot climate because of its location around the equator is called tropical region.
11. Weather:- The day to day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind-speed, etc., Is called the weather of that place.
Chapter: 8
Winds, Storms and Cyclone
Keywords:-
1. Anemometer:-
An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction
2. Cyclone:-A cyclone is a system of winds rotating counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere around a low pressure center.
3. Hurricane:- In Amarican continent cyclone is called hurricane.
4. Lightening:- The occurrence of a natural electrical discharge of very short duration and high voltage between a cloud and the ground or within a cloud, accompanied by a bright flash and typically also thunder.
5. Low pressure:- A condition of the atmosphere in which the pressure is below average.
6. Monsoon wind:- Any wind that changes direction with season. For example:- seasonal wind of S Asia that blows from the southwest in summer, bringing heavy rains, and from the northeast in winter
7. Pressure:- It is defined as ration of force per unit area.
8. Thunderstorm:- The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the raising air create lightning and sound. This is called thunderstorm.
9. Tornado:- A dark funnel shaped cloud that reaches from the sky to the ground is called tornado.
10. Typhoon:-In Philippines and Japan, cyclone is known as typhoon.
11.Wind flow pattern:-Wind flow pattern means that in which direction the wind is blowing. Since wind flow from high pressure region to low pressure region. so this is wind flow pattern.
Chapter 9: Soil
Keywords:-
1. Clayey:-Soil which contains greater proportion of fine particle is called sandy soil. Here percolation rate is least.
2. Humus:-Decomposers when eat upon dead plant and animal tissues, they convert them into a dark coloured substance called humus.
Presence of humus ensures that the nutrients of the dead plants and animals are released into soil
3. Loamy:- A mixture of sand , clay and slit with small amount of humans in it is called loamy soil.
4. Percolation:-Percolation is the property of absorption of water by soil.
5. Moisture:- The capacity of soil to hold water is called soil Moisture.
6. Sandy:- Soil which contains greater proportion of big particle is called sandy soil. Here percolator rate is highest.
7. Water retention:-The maximum amount of water that a given soil can retain is called field capacity or water retention capacity or simply water retention.
Chapter 10: Respiration in Organisms
Keywords:-
1. Aerobic respiration:- The breakdown of glucose with the use of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
2. Anaerobic respiration:- The breakdown of glucose without the use of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
3. Breathing rate:- The number of times a person breathe in a minute is termed as the breathing rate.
4. Cellular respiration:- The process of breakdown of food in the cell with the release of energy is called cellular respiration.
5. Diaphragm:- A large , muscular sheet that forms the floor of chest cavity is called diaphragm.
6. Inhalation:- The taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body is called inhalation.
7. Gills:-a respiratory organ found in many aquatic organisms that extracts dissolved oxygen from water and excretes carbon dioxide
8. Lungs:- A pair of breathing organs located with the chest which remove carbon dioxide and bring oxygen to the blood. There is a right and a left lung.
9. Exhalation:- Giving our of air rich in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation.
10. Spiracles:- Insects such as cockroach has small openings on the sides of its body. These openings are called spiracles.
11. Tracheae:- A network of air tubes that insects have for gaseous exchange is called tracheae.
12. Ribs:- These are the long curved bones which form the rib cage which protect heart and lungs.
Chapter 11: Transportation in Animals and Plants
Keywords:-
1. Ammonia:- Nitrogenous wastes product which is excreted by aquatic animals.
2. Artery:- Blood vessels which carries oxygen rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body are called arteries. Exception = pulmonary artery.
3. Blood:- A fluid connective tissue which flows in blood vessels and transport food and oxygen to different parts of body. It also transport waste for removal from the body.
4. Blood vessels:- Pipe like structure through which blood passes from one part of body to another . It is of two types :- arteries and veins.
5. Capillary:- On reaching the tissue, veins divide into extremely thin tubes . These tubes are called capillaries.
6. Circulatory system:- A system which consist of heart, blood vessels and blood and together transport food , oxygen , carbon dioxide etc to the body.
7. Dialysis:- Process by which blood of the body filtered periodically through artificial kidney is called dialysis.
8. Excretion:- The biological process of removal of harmful nitrogenous wastes from the body is called excretion.
9. Excretory system:- A system which consist of a pair of kidney, a pair of ureter, a urinary bladder and a urethra which together help to remove harmful wastes from the body is called excretory system.
10. Haemoglobin:- An pigment present in red blood cells which provide red colour to it. It also binds with oxygen and transports it to all the cells.
11. Heart beat:- The heart contract and relax rhythmically . This is called heart heart beat.
12. Kidneys:- An organ which filter the blood into useful and harmful substances by the blood capillaries is called kidney.
13. Phloem:- Vascular Tissue which transport food from leaves to other parts of plant.
14. Plasma:- Yellow colour Fluid in which RBCs, WBCs and platelets present .
15. Platelets:- Cells which stops bleeding and make dark red clot after getting cut.
16. Pulse:- the throbbing sound of blood flowing in the arteries is called pulse .
17. Red blood cell:- Cells which contain haemoglobin and so red in colour.
18. Root hair:- thread like structure present on roots of plants which increases the surface area of root for absorption of water and minerals dissolve in water.
19. Stethoscope:- A device which helps to feel heartbeat.
20. Sweat:- An excretory waste which our body produce during summer to regulate the its temperature. It contains salt and water.
21. Tissue :- A group of cells which have common origin and perform similar function.
22. Urea:- Nitrogenous wastes product which is excreted by mammals, adult amphibians and reptiles etc.
23. Ureter:- A pair of tubes which transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
24. Urethra:- Tube which passes urine outside the body through urinary opening.
25. Uric acid:- Nitrogenous wastes product which is excreted by insects , birds etc.
26. Urinary bladder:- A muscular sac like structure which temporory store urine .
27. Vein:- Blood vessel which carries carbon dioxide rich blood from different parts of body to lungs . Except = pulmonary vein.
28. White blood cell:- Blood cells which fight against germd that may enter our body.
29. Xylem :- Vascular tissue which transport water and nutrients from root to other parts of plants .
Chapter 12: Reproduction in Plants
Keywords:-
1. Asexual reproduction:- Mode of Reproduction in which single parent produce identical offsprings called clone.
2. Budding:- A mode of asexual reproduction in which a bud is arise at parent body which grow and detach to produce new offspring.
3. Embryo:- Zygote divide and redivide to produce a ball like structure called embryo which later form baby.
4. Fertilization:- The fusion of male and female gamete to form zygote is called fertilization.
5. Fragmentation:- Mode of asexual reproduction in which Alga breaks up into two or more fragments and each fragment grow into new individual.
6. Gametes:- Haploid Reproductive bodies which fuses together to form zygote in sexual reproduction.
7. Hypha:- A thread like structure seen in fungus on which spores containing sporangium attached .
8. Ovule:- Female gamete in flower which turns into seed after fusion with pollen grain.
9. Pollen grain:- male gamete with is produce in Anther of flowers.
10. Pollen tube:- pollen grain reaches to ovule through a tube like structure. This tube is called pollen tube.
11. Pollination:- The process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the same or another flower.
12. Seed dispersal:- Spreading of seeds away from the mother plant is called seed dispersal.
13. Sexual reproduction:- A mode of Reproduction in which two parents involved to produce offspring of similar kinds. Example:- human beings.
14. Spore:- Asexual reproductive bodies which germinate and developes into a new individual. It is seen in fungus, fern and mosses.
15. Sporangium:- A sac like structure which is present on the hyphae and contains spores .
16. Vegetative propagation:- A mode of asexual reproduction in which new plants are produced from different vegetative parts such as leaves, stems and roots.
17. Zygote :- The fertilized egg is called zygote.
Chapter:- 13
motion and time
Keywords:-
1. Bar graph:-A diagram that uses narrow bands of different heights to show different amounts so that they can be compared
2. Graphs:- Diagram that shows relation between variable quantities.
3. Non-uniform motion:- A body is said to be in non-uniform motion if it covered unequal distance in equal intervals of time.
4. Oscillation:- The process in which an object shows to and fro movement.
5. Simple pendulum:- A device which shows oscillatory motion.
6. Speed:- Rate at which an object covers distance is called speed.
Speed = total distance / total time taken
7. Time period:- The time taken by pendulum to complete one oscillation is called time period.
8. Uniform motion:-A body is said to be in uniform motion if it covered equal distance in equal intervals of time.
9. Unit of time:- unit in which time can be measured. It can be second, min, hour etc.
Chapter 14: Electric current and its effects
Keywords:-
1. Battery :- A combination of two or more cells is called battery.
2. Electric bell :- An electric bell is a mechanical or electronic bell that functions by means of an electromagnet.
3. Heating effect of current :- Production of heat when electric current passes through a material.
4. Circuit diagram :- Pictorial representation of ab electronic circuit that is drawn using conventional symbols of different circuit elements.
5. Electromagnet :- A current carrying coil of an insulated wire wrapped around a piece of iron is called electromagnet.
6. Magnetic effect of current :- A current carrying wire behave as a magnet and produce magnetic field. This property is called magnetic effect of current
7. Electric components :- Devices which when combine together in a systematic pattern forms electric circuit are called electric components.
8. Fuse :- Safety device which prevent excessive flow of current through a circuit.
Chapter: 15
Light
Keywords :-
1. Concave lens:- Diverging lens which is thinner at the middle and thicker at the ends.
2. Concave mirror:- Converging lens whose reflecting surface is curved inward.
3. Convex lens:- Converging lens which is thinner at the ends and thicker at the middle.
4. Convex mirror:- Diverging mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outward.
5. Erect image :- An upright image of an object is called erect image.
6. Magnified image:- Enlarged image formed by Convex lens Magnifying glass is Called Magnified image.
7. Magnifying glass:- Convex lens which make enlarge image of object.
8. Prism :- Transparent element with three rectangular and two triangular surfaces is called prism.
9. Rainbow :- A band of seven colours seen as a large arc in the sky . It is generally seen after rain. The seven colours in band are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red.
10. Real image:- Image formed when reflecting rays actually meet. It is formed on a screen.
11. Rear view mirror:- A mirror in which the driver can see the traffic behind while driving.( Inside car)
12. Side mirror :- Convex mirror which are used in automobiles and help the drivers to see the traffic behind them.(Beside car)
13. Spherical mirror:- Mirror having spherical reflecting surfaces are called spherical mirror.
14.Virtual image:- Image formed when reflecting rays appear to meet. It can't be formed on a screen.
Chapter 16:- Water: A previous resource
Keywords:-
1. Aquifer:- At places the ground water is stored between layers of hard rock below the water table. This is known as aquifer.
2. Groundwater:- The water found below the water table is called ground water.
3. Water harvesting:- The use of rain water to recharge the groundwater is called Water harvesting or rainwater harvesting.
4. Depletion:- Decrease level of water table by no replenishment by natural processes is called depletion of water table.
5. Infiltration:- The rainwater and water from other sources such as rivers and ponds seeps through the soil and fills the empty spaces and cracks deep below the ground.
The process of seeping of water into the ground is called infiltration.
6. Water table:- level below the ground beyond which ground is saturated with sufficient water.
7. Drip irrigation:- A technique of watering plants by making use of narrow tubings which deliver water directly at the base of the plant.
8. Recharge:- process by which water moves downward from surface water to groundwater
Chapter 17:- Forests: Our Lifeline
Keyword:-
1.canopy:-It is the structure formed by collection of individual plant crowns of a plant community
2.Crown:-The branchy part of a tree above the stem is called as crown
3.Decomposers:-Organisation which feed on dead bodies of plants and animals.
Or
Micro-organism which convert the dead plants and animals to humus.
•E.g. bacteria, fungi.
•Live in soil
4.Deforestation:-permanent destruction or conversion of forest areas for other purposes.
5.Humus:-Decomposers when eat upon dead plant and animal tissues, they convert them into a dark coloured substance called humus.
Presence of humus ensures that the nutrients of the dead plants and animals are released into soil
6.Regeneration:-Process of formation of new plant from old one.
7.Seed dispersal:-Seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant.
8.Soil erosion:-The removal of top fertile layer is called soil erosion.
9.Understorey:-Plant layers growing beneath the forest canopy.
•Forest understory receive less intense light than the forest canopy
Chapter 18:- waterwaste story
Keyword:-
1.Aeration:- Process by which air is pumped into the clarified water to help aerobic bacteria to grow is called aeration.
2.Aerobic bacteria:-bacteria which decompose the organic matter in the absence of air.
3.Anaerobic bacteria:- bacteria which decompose the organic matter in the absence of air.
4.Biogas:- Gobar gas formed when anaerobic bacteria decompose sludge in anaerobic sludge digestion.
5.Contaminant:- Undesirable substances present in the water such as nutrients, microbes etc is called contaminant.
6.Sanitation:- Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage
7.Sewage:-
- Liquid waste which contain pollutents that has to be removed from a community for healthy living.
- It causes water and soil pollution.
8.Sewer:- big and small pipes which together form sewerage are called sewers.
9.Sewerage:- Network of big and small pipes forms a drainage system called sewerage.
10.Sludge:- solids like faeces settle at the bottom of clarifier and are removed with a scraper is called sludge.
11.Wastewater:- Water contaminated with harmful and undesirable substances such as chemicals, oils, paints, excreta etc.
It contain foul smell and colour.
